Table of Contents
Precast framing system with concrete masonry unit infill, Indonesia
From World Housing Encyclopedia
1. General Information
Report: 209
Building Type: Precast framing system with concrete masonry unit infill
Country: Indonesia
Author(s): Edwin Lim, Sugeng Wijanto
Last Updated:
Regions Where Found: West Java
Summary: Precast concrete system with high level risk of soft story effect.
Length of time practiced: 2005-2008
Still Practiced:
In practice as of:
Building Occupancy: Residential, 50+ units
Typical number of stories: 1–3 (PC2L: low-rise) 4–5 (PC2M: mid-rise)
Terrain-Flat:
Terrain-Sloped:
Comments:
2. Features
Plan Shape: Rectangular
Additional comments on plan shape:
Typical plan length (meters):
Typical plan width (meters):
Typical story height (meters):
Type of Structural System: Precast framing system with concrete masonry infill
Additional comments on structural system:
Gravity load-bearing & lateral load-resisting systems: Slab, beam, column system
Typical wall densities in direction 1:
Typical wall densities in direction 2:
Additional comments on typical wall densities:
Wall Openings:
Is it typical for buildings of this type to have common walls with adjacent buildings?:
Modifications of buildings:
Type of Foundation: Not known, but it is usually with driven PC-pile
Additional comments on foundation:
Type of Floor System: Concrete
Additional comments on floor system:
Type of Roof System: Steel trusses (Roofing material: fiber glass)
Additional comments on roof system:
Additional comments section 2:
3. Building Process
Description of Building Materials
Structural Element | Building Material (s) | Comment (s) |
---|---|---|
Design Process
Who is involved with the design process?
Roles of those involved in the design process:
Expertise of those involved in the design process:
Construction Process
Who typically builds this construction type?
Roles of those involved in the building process:
Expertise of those involved in building process:
Construction process and phasing:
Construction issues:
Building Codes and Standards
Is this construction type address by codes/standards? Yes
Applicable codes or standards: Indonesian building code 2002
Process for building code enforcement:
Building Permits and Development Control Rules
Are building permits required? Yes
Is this typically informal construction?
Is this construction typically authorized as per development control rules?
Additional comments on building permits and development control rules:
Building Maintenance and Condition
Typical problems associated with this type of construction:
Who typically maintains buildings of this type?
Additional comments on maintenance and building condition:
Construction Economics
Unit construction cost:
Labor requirements:
Additional comments section 3:
4. Socio-Economic Issues
Patterns of occupancy:
Number of inhabitants in a typical building of this construction type during the day: >20
Number of inhabitants in a typical building of this construction type during the evening/night: >20
Additional comments on number of inhabitants:
Economic level of inhabitants: Low-income class, Middle-income class
Additional comments on economic level of inhabitants:
Typical Source of Financing:
Additional comments on financing:
Type of Ownership:
Additional comments on ownership:
Is earthquake insurance for this construction type typically available?: No
What does earthquake insurance typically cover/cost:
Are premium discounts or higher coverages available for seismically strengthened buildings or new buildings built to incorporate seismically resistant features?:
Additional comments on premium discounts:
Additional comments section 4:
5. Earthquakes
Past Earthquakes in the country which affected buildings of this type
Year | Earthquake Epicenter | Richter Magnitude | Maximum Intensity |
---|---|---|---|
Past Earthquakes
Damage patterns observed in past earthquakes for this construction type: During the West Java earthquake (2009), four apartment units (built in 2005 – 2008) located in Bandung, West Java suffered severe damage at their CMU wall. In addition, some structural damage could also be found in the upper part of the columns of these apartment units. However, there was no significant damage in the fifth apartment unit constructed in 2009 (Nurjaman, 2010). The main difference between the undamaged fifth apartment unit and the rest of the units was the existence of a concrete shear wall on the ground floor. This shear wall had prevented the soft story effect in the building (Nurjaman, 2010). In contrast, severe damage could be observed in the CMU infill of the other four apartment units. This led to the belief that the CMU infill has not been strong enough to resist the earthquake lateral load. The damaged apartment units were later retrofitted by adding concrete shear wall at the lower story
Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns: The observed damages on the four building apartment units were (See Figure 4): 1. Light to severe cracking on CMU infill 2. Minor structural damage to the precast connection and the upper part of column 3. Moderate structural damage at the staircase connection to the floor
Structural and Architectural Features for Seismic Resistance
Structural/Architectural Feature | Statement | Seismic Resistance |
---|---|---|
Lateral load path | The structure contains a complete load path for seismic force effects from any horizontal direction that serves to transfer inertial forces from the building to the foundation. | |
Building Configuration-Vertical | The building is regular with regards to the elevation. (Specify in 5.4.1) | |
Building Configuration-Horizontal | The building is regular with regards to the plan. (Specify in 5.4.2) | |
Roof Construction | The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is expected that the roof structure will maintain its integrity, i.e. shape and form, during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area. | |
Floor Construction | The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it is expected that the floor structure(s) will maintain its integrity during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area. | |
Foundation Performance | There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement (e.g. settlement) that would affect the integrity or performance of the structure in an earthquake. | |
Wall and Frame Structures-Redundancy | The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal direction is greater than or equal to 2. | |
Wall Proportions | Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor level is: Less than 25 (concrete walls); Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls); Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls); | |
Foundation-Wall Connection | Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls) are attached to the foundations; concrete columns and walls are doweled into the foundation. | |
Wall-Roof Connections | Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic effects at each diaphragm level with metal anchors or straps. | |
Wall Openings | ||
Quality of Building Materials | Quality of building materials is considered to be adequate per the requirements of national codes and standards (an estimate). | |
Quality of Workmanship | Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of a few typical buildings) is considered to be good (per local construction standards). | |
Maintenance | Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there are no visible signs of deterioration of building elements (concrete, steel, timber). |
Additional comments on structural and architectural features for seismic resistance:
Vertical irregularities typically found in this construction type:
Horizontal irregularities typically found in this construction type:
Seismic deficiency in walls:
Earthquake-resilient features in walls:
Seismic deficiency in frames:
Earthquake-resilient features in frame:
Seismic deficiency in roof and floors:
Earthquake resilient features in roof and floors:
Seismic deficiency in foundation:
Earthquake-resilient features in foundation:
Seismic Vulnerability Rating
For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines
High vulnerabilty | Medium vulnerability | Low vulnerability | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | |
Seismic vulnerability class |
Additional comments section 5:
6. Retrofit Information
Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions
Structural Deficiency | Seismic Strengthening |
---|---|
Additional comments on seismic strengthening provisions:
Has seismic strengthening described in the above table been performed?
Was the work done as a mitigation effort on an undamaged building or as a repair following earthquake damages?
Was the construction inspected in the same manner as new construction?
Who performed the construction: a contractor or owner/user? Was an architect or engineer involved?
What has been the performance of retrofitted buildings of this type in subsequent earthquakes?
Additional comments section 6:
7. References
Authors
Name | Title | Affiliation | Location | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Edwin Lim | Ph.D. | |||
Sugeng Wijanto | Ph.D. |